.NET/ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET PDF Document SDK

Using functions is pretty straightforward, and creating them isn t all that complicated either. The way parameters work may, however, seem a bit like magic at times. First, let s do the basics.

You get this result:

In reality, however, this mechanism is rarely used, unless writing shell scripts for use at a Unix prompt. In most cases you ll be writing to and from files directly, and you ll require only minimal keyboard input that you can get with gets.

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If it s helpful to you, rename the Act II column headings for this type of presentation from Key Point to Recommendation and from Detail to Methodology/Data. As always, you end Act I of the story template with the Call to Action headline and expand on it with the Key Point (Recommendation) headlines in Act II. Then you esh out each individual Key Point (Recommendation) headline, as shown in Figure 9-16, with further Explanation and Detail (Methodology/Data). With this approach, you know that you have applied a logical method to organize your thoughts and that you have built in scalability to present the same material in 5 or 45 minutes, as described in 6, without losing the integrity or quality of your critical thinking. Although the BBP structure might look straightforward and logical, it literally turns upside-down the most common structure of data-driven PowerPoint presentations. In the conventional structure, you normally jump right into the detailed data and the methodology and then nally make your recommendations on the very last slides. It s natural to think of structuring a presentation this way because you might think that if you start from the beginning and go one at a time through the detailed steps you took to arrive at

In 4 you used the File class to open a text file so you could read in the contents for your program to process. The File class is used as an abstraction to access and handle file objects that can be accessed from a Ruby program. The File class lets you write to both plain text and binary files and offers a collection of methods to make handling files easy.

The most common file-related procedure is reading a file s data for use within a program. As you saw in 4, this is easily done:

Sometimes, when defining a function, you may wonder where parameters get their values from. In general, you shouldn t worry about that. Writing a function is a matter of providing a service to whatever part of your program (and possibly even other programs) might need it. Your task is to make sure the function does its job if it is supplied with acceptable parameters, and preferably fails in an obvious manner if the parameters are wrong. (You do this with assert or exceptions in general. More about exceptions in 8.)

9

File.open("text.txt").each { |line| puts line }

The File class s open method is used to open the text file, text.txt, and upon that File object the each method returns each line one by one. You can also do it this way:

a recommendation, your ideas will have more credibility. However, the huge risk you take when you do that is that you overwhelm the limited capacity of working memory of your clients with so much new information, as shown in Figure 9-17, that they are disoriented and confused which, ironically, diminishes your credibility.

File.new("text.txt", "r").each { |line| puts line }

File object that you can then use. The second parameter "r" defines that you re opening the file for reading. This is the default mode, but when using File.new it can help to clarify

Note The variables you write after your function name in def statements are often called the formal parameters of the function, while the values you supply when you call the function are called the actual parameters, or arguments. In general, I won t be too picky about the distinction. If it is important, I will call the actual parameters values to distinguish them from the formal parameters.